Introduction: The present study examines human exposure to Particulate Matter (PM10) and analyses potential health concerns in the industrial zones of Ankleshwar and Vapi in Gujarat. Materials and methods: For Ankleshwar and Vapi, 120 samples were collected, and characterisation was carried out to determine the concentration of NO3, SO4, NH3, K-S, Na, EC, OC, Al, Si, Fe, K, Ti, Ni, Br, Ca, Cl, Mn, Pb, Cr, Zn, S, V, and Cu in PM10 mass. The health risk from exposure to different trace elements, including both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic, is evaluated for three distinct paths of ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. Results: The Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) values for Cr and Pb for the ingestion pathway and the carcinogenic risks for Cr, Ni, and Pb for the inhalation pathway are both found to be higher than the minimal permissible threshold (1×10−, 6) for both children and adults for Ankleshwar and Vapi. However, for Ankleshwar and Vapi, the carcinogenic risks from dermal exposure to Cr and Pb are found to be lower than the permissible limit for both adults and children. It is observed that non-carcinogenic Hazard Index (HI) values for the skin contact and ingestion routes are less than 1 for both children and adults for Ankleshwar and Vapi. While the HI value for the inhalation pathway is found to be larger than the tolerable limit of 1 for both adults and children. Conclusion: For the purpose of creating sustainable cities and improving the health of the urban population, this study will provide a fundamental basis and help the governing authorities design mandatory pollution prevention and control methods, restoration plans, and systematic monitoring programmes.

Background and purpose: Serum total cholesterol (TC) concentrations are affected by several factors including ethnicity, diet, geographic, and environmental determinants, and are related to another disease, including hypothyroidism, and renal and liver disease. It is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly if associated with high levels of serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The distribution of TC levels within populations may be useful, and the current study aimed to determine the reference values and specific cut points in a population sample from Mashhad, Iran. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, and data was collected from 6518 individuals (2483 men and 4035 women) aged 25-64 year-old living in Mashhad city using a stratified cluster random sampling design. Reference values for borderline and high TC levels in three age groups were obtained using a percentile regression model. Data were analyzed using Quantreg Software Package and R Ver. 3. 1. 2 Software. Results: Within the population sample, 38% of the subjects were male and 62% of them were female. The mean and standard deviation for age were found to be 47. 07± 9 years and 45. 28± 9 years for men and women, respectively. Percentile regression showed that borderline TC levels for men and women aged 25-64 years were 198-216 mg/dl and 176-243mg/dl, respectively. The values for defining high TC levels were also 226239 mg/dl in men and 202-271 mg/dl in women. Conclusion: Our study estimated reference values and cut points for borderline and high TC separately in both men and women, and age-related sub-groups for a population derived from Mashhad. These findings could be used in local policy plans to allocate health resources.

Introduction: The expected values of hematologic and serum biochemical parameters in domestic animal species can be affected by breed, age, environment, and nutrition. Established breed-specific reference intervals (RI) are an important tool for monitoring the health of sheep. There is a lack of published data on biochemical RI for Sngsari sheep. Thus, the aims of this study were to establish RI for select of serum biochemical parameters for Sangsari sheep by Reference Value Advisor (RVA) method and provide information on the studied parameters for both sex of this breed in order to form a basis for clinical interpretation. Materials and Methods: Sixty healthy Sangsari sheep including 26 ewes and 34 rams (2– 4 years old) were chosen from the breeding station of Sangsari sheep among 150 sheep in Damghan, Semnan, Iran. The type of feeding, all the animals had free access to water and to good-quality alfalfa hay (90. 0 % DM, 15. 8 CP % DM, 50. 4NDF%DM, 31. 6ADF%DM, 5. 8 lignin% DM, and 2. 2 EE % DM). Concentrate (23 % oats, 36 % corn, 38 % barley, and 3%mineral and vitamin supplements) was provided once daily (200 g per animal per day). In the sampling day, breeder signed a subscription form and completed a primary questionnaire consisting of specific questions about past and current health status, sexual status, medications used, and familial and reproductive medical history. Complete physical examinations were performed by the same experienced veterinarian on each sheep. In order to reduce stress, blood samples were taken in the station with minimal changes in the usual schedule of the sheep. Blood samples (taken from the jugular vein) were collected in simple tubes in order to separate the serum (centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min) for biochemical analysis. Samples transported at +4 ° C to the laboratory department of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan, Iran. Biochemical parameters were measured by a autoanalyzer. These parameters included alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyletransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein (TP) and albumin (Alb). For statistical analysis, data were analyzed by Reference Value Advisor and outliers were deleted if detected according to Tukey or Dixon. RIs, according to sample size, were determined using a robust method and following Box-Cox transformation of data. The data were normally distributed, and differences between sexes in biochemical parameters were analyzed using independent sample T test. A value of P<0. 05 was considered as significant. Results and Discussion: The RI of biochemical parameters obtained from adult healthy Sangsari sheep includes the following: ALP 49. 24-564. 84 u/l; GGT 24. 14-62. 23 u/l; AST 10. 86-338. 40 u/l; BUN 6. 91-26. 43 mg/dl; TP 5. 19-13. 95 gr/dl and Alb 0. 92-3. 63 gr/dl. Established RI of biochemical parameters for ewes and rams, respectively including: ALP 29. 98-702. 89 u/l; GGT 22. 41-54. 49 u/l; AST 1. 36-279. 89 u/l; BUN 5. 9526. 86 mg/dl; TP 5. 75-12. 83 gr/dl; Alb 0. 84-2. 77 gr/dl and ALP 106. 08-568. 55 u/l; GGT 20. 80-58. 30 u/l; AST 360. 12 u/l; BUN 8. 15-26. 04 mg/dl; TP 4. 66-15. 59 g/dl and Alb 0. 74-3. 77 g/dl. Interpretation of the biochemical results in different breeds of sheep, with regard to RI for each parameter, in conjunction with history, clinical findings and other paraclinical tests helps the clinician to reach a definitive diagnosis. A unique feature of Sangsari sheep is that they are highly adaptable with desert and mountain ranges with high tolerance of drought conditions. This breed is also relatively small size and light weight, and most studies have focused on genetic characteristics associated with this trait. In view of the characteristics mentioned above and considering the lack of reference range for biochemical parameters, it is necessary to determine reference intervals in Sangsari sheep. In order to establish a comprehensive reference interval in Sangsari sheep, a select biochemical parameters were evaluated in the present study. Almost most of the established RI for biochemical parameters in this study differed from previously published RI, so that the lower and upper limits of RI of theses parameters (with the exception of BUN) were lower and higher than the values previously reported. Differences between obtained RI for the Sangsari sheep and previously reported RI for other breeds may be attributed to variations in hormonal influences, hydration status, dietary differences, or adaptations to a desert environment, age, breed, season of study and analytic method. Conclusion: The obtained data provided reference interval for biochemical parameters in Sangsari sheep for the first time. Present study demonstrates significant differences in most of the biochemical parameters. Reference intervals determined in this study provide a baseline for interpreting biochemical results in Sangsari sheep, and contribute to optimization of the management of this species.

Background & Objective: In addition to pyramidal neurons and interneurons, the hippocampus contains Astrocytes that play important roles in regulating ion flux currents, energy production, neurotransmitter release and memory. Learning needs some instrument for information storage and information maintenances mechanisms resemble to memory. The aim of this study was determination of spatial memory effect on the number of astrocytes in rat’s hippocampus.Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, with usage of Morris Water Maze and Reference memory technique, we used 10 male albino wistar rats. 5 rats were in control group and 5 rats in Reference memory group. After histological preparation, the slides were stained with PTAH staining for showing the Astrocytes. Results: The findings of this study showed significant difference in astrocytes number in CA1, CA2 and CA3 area of hippocampus between control and reference memory group. The mean and SD of astrocytes in CA1, CA2 and CA3 of reference memory group were 118.57±25.29, 58.91±23.59 and 116.6±31.14, that they are more than control group with 49±17.29 in CA1, 48.8±25.21 in CA2 and 41.95±11.22 in CA3. Conclusion: We concluded that the number of astrocytes increased due to spatial learning (e.g. reference memory method).

Background: The induction characteristic of halothane in nitrous oxide and oxygen were compared with halothane in oxygen alone and intravenous induction with thiopentum and succinylcholine. Materials and Methods: A vital capacity technique was used for the gaseous induction groups using a mapleson F system and a 1-litre reservoir bag. four end points of anesthesia were recorded: time to cessation of hand grip, time to loss of eyelash reflex, time to jaw relaxation, and time to settled breathing after tracheal tube insertion we also recorded sequential blood pressure and pulse rate , the incidence of adverse airway events and the acceptability of the induction technique . Results: Induction with thiopentum and succinylcholine had a faster time to cessation of hand grip (p, 0.05) and jaw relaxation (p, 0.01). These differences disappeared with the final induction stage and halothane in nitrous oxide and oxygen had the faster time to regular settled breathing though this did not reach statistical significance. Cardiac stability was good and comparable in all groups. Conclusion These were few adverse airway events in any group and none caused oxygen saturation to fall below 96%. There was more excitation in the gaseous induction groups.

Introduction: Inhalation induction is a common method in pediatrics anesthesia . There is not suitable clincial guide for assessmen depth of anesthesia before intubation, in this study adequacy of Jaw thrust as a guide for this assessement was evaluated.Methods: In a clinical trial study 90 pediatric patient, ASA1 & 2, six month to 5 year old age, were divided in case and control groups. Inhalation inductions were done by 4% Halothane, 4lit/min O2 and 4Lit/min N2o under spontaneous ventilation. In case and control groups, Jaw thrust and ordinary methods were utilized respectively for assessment of depth of anesthesia befor intubations. Changes in HR, SpO2, end tidal of halothane and duration of induction, duration of laryngoscopy, reactions to intubations and complications were measured and then analyzed by t - test and Chi squar statistical tests.Results: Duration and complications of larynogscopy were greater in case than control group. Conclusion: Jaw thrust alone is not a good clinical test assessment of depth of anesthesia before intubations in inhalation anesthesia. Probaly one and half to two minutes after negative respones to jaw thrust is a suitable time for intubations in pediatrics inhalation anesthesia .

Tissue analysis is a useful tool for evaluation and optimizing nutrients for fall sugar beet. Nutrient diagnostic tools are based on two methods, i. e. nutrient concentration (critical minimum value) and ratios (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System or DRIS). However, those methods disregard two important factors which are, firstly, compositional nature of analytical data and, secondly, dealing with high number of ratios which makes our final decision biased. So, we shall try to limit those numbers of ratios that can be diagnosed independently in a given composition. The use of orthogonal balances, a compositional data analysis technique, avoids such biases. Our objective was to develop foliar nutrient balance standards i. e. DRIS and CNDclr to CND-ilr for fall sugar beet and determine CND-ilr reference norms. We collected 183 root and sugar yields and foliar samples in fall sugar beet fields of Khuzestan province and analyzed four nutrients in leaf tissue (Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe). Nutrients were arranged into three balances ilr1: [Fe|Cu, Zn, Mn], ilr2: [Mn|Zn, Mn], ilr3: [Zn|Cu] and computed as Isometric Log Ratios (ilr). Total population of observations were divided into a high and low population on the basis of 60. 32 t/ha root yield and 9. 40 t/ha sugar yield (cut off yield). Results showed that a Critical Aitchison Distance of 0. 3 (as a predictor) separated balanced from imbalanced samples through three balances i. e. ilr1, ilr2, and ilr3. Three ilr reference norms were derived. "Mobile and fulcrums balance system" was used for 33 fall sugar beet fields (root yield < 60 t. ha-1: TP quadrant) with 3 balances. Results showed that Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu with the concentration of, respectively, 296, 120, 41, and 19 mg. kg-1 can be considered as reference concentrations for balance based diagnosis, because concentration values are compositional and subjected to interactions. Results also showed that to increase the quantity and quality of sugar beet it is not necessary to use iron fertilizers, and if any iron fertilization has been used, it should be reduced.